bigeye jack, great trevally, six-banded trevally, dusky jack
Size:
The species is known to grow to a length of 120 cm and 18 kg.
World Record:
14.3 kg (31 lb 8 oz)
Description
"The bigeye trevally is one of the larger members of Caranx, growing to a maximum recorded size of 120 cm in length and 18.0 kg in weight.[2] It is similar to most other jacks in having a compressed, oblong body, with the dorsal profile slightly more convex than the ventral profile, particularly anteriorly. The snout is slightly pointed, and is greater in length than the eye diameter.[6] The dorsal fin is in two distinct sections; the first consisting of 8 spine and the second of 1 spine and 19 to 22 soft rays. The anal fin consists of 2 anteriorly detached spines followed by 1 spine and 14 to 17 soft rays. The pelvic fins consists of 1 spine and 17 to 18 soft rays,[7] while the caudal fin is strongly forked and the pectoral fin falcate.[8] The species lateral line is moderately arched anteriorly, with 49 to 50 scales in this section, while the straight section contains 0 to 3 scales and 27 to 36 strong scutes. The breast is completely covered in scales. The species has well developed adipose eyelids, while its dentition consists of an outer row of widely-spaced canine teeth and an inner band of villiform teeth in the upper jaw, with a row of widely-spaced conical teeth on the lower jaw. The bigeye trevally has 21 to 25 gill rakers and 25 vertebrae.[6]
The bigeye trevally shows a change in colour as it ages, changing both overall colour and body patterns. Juveniles are a silvery yellow to silvery brown in colour, and possess five to six dark vertical bands on their sides,[7] from which the specific epithet sexfasciatus arose. As they mature, the bands fade and become indistinct and the overall colour shifts to a silvery blue above and whitish below.[7] In adults, the bars are completely absent[7][9] and the dorsal colour is a silvery olive to blue green, fading to silvery white below. In juveniles, the fins are pale grey to yellow with darker edges, becoming darker overall in adulthood, with the anal and caudal fins yellow to black and the second dorsal fin olive to black. The tip of the second dorsal fin has a distinctive white tip. The bigeye trevally also has a small dark opercular spot on the upper margin."
Distribution and Habitat
"The bigeye trevally is widely distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of both the Indian and Pacific Oceans.[10] In the Indian Ocean, it ranges from South Africa and Madagascar in the west, along the east African coastline up to both the Red Sea and Persian Gulf.[8] Its range extends east along India, South East Asia, Indonesia and many offshore Indian Ocean islands.[2] The range extends north to Japan and south to Australia[11] in this central Indo-pacific region. In the Pacific Ocean, the bigeye trevally inhabits most of the tropical island groups including Hawaii,[12] with its range extending east to the western American coastline. In this eastern region of its distribution it has been recorded from the American state of California in the north,[13] including the Gulf of California, and south to Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands.[10]
The bigeye trevally predominantly live in inshore coastal waters, although does occur in pelagic settings far offshore, and around remote islands and seamounts. The species is known to reach depths of around 100 m.[2] It is mostly found over coral and rocky reef complexes as adults, however often moves into more inshore areas in sandy bays and lagoons in small numbers.[14] Those that live offshore often live on deeper seamounts or reefs around offshore islands. The species moves with the tide in some regions, entering shallow lagoonal areas as the tide rises, and moving back to the deeper reefs as it retreats.[14] Juveniles inhabit more inshore, shallower waters around the coast, often venturing into lagoons, tidal flats, mangrove zones[15] and even estuaries.[16] Juvenile bigeye trevally have been reported in rivers from several locations, and are known to penetrate well into the upper reaches of rivers.[17][18] As the fish grows, it moves back to deeper waters over reefs. The species has been reported in pelagic open ocean settings, milling around stationary buoys, indicating the species may follow floating debris far out to sea.[19]
Sources
1.^ "Caranx sexfasciatus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=168620. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
2.^ a b c d e f g h Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2009). "Caranx sexfasciatus" in FishBase. April 2009 version.
3.^ Hosese, D.F.; Bray, D.J., Paxton, J.R. and Alen, G.R. (2007). Zoological Catalogue of Australia Vol. 35 (2) Fishes. Sydney: CSIRO. pp. 1150. ISBN 978-0-643-09334-8.
4.^ a b c d van der Elst, Rudy; Peter Borchert (1994). A Guide to the Common Sea Fishes of Southern Africa. New Holland Publishers. pp. 142. ISBN 1868253945.
5.^ Cuvier, G.; A. Valenciennes (1849). Histoire naturelle des poissons. F.G. Levrault. pp. IX, 93.
6.^ a b c d e Smith-Vaniz, W. (1999). "Carangidae". In Carpenter, K.E. & Niem, V.H. (PDF). The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific Vol 4. Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae). FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. Rome: FAO. pp. 2659–2757. ISBN 92-5-104301-9. http://ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/y4160e/y4160e00.pdf.
7.^ a b c d Lin, Pai-Lei; Shao, Kwang-Tsao (1999). "A Review of the Carangid Fishes (Family Carangidae) From Taiwan with Descriptions of Four New Records". Zoological Studies 38 (1): 33–68. http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=10055944.
8.^ a b c d Randall, John E. (1995). Coastal Fishes of Oman. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu: University of Hawai?i Press. pp. 183. ISBN 0-8248-1808-3.
9.^ Branch, M.L.; C.I. Griffiths & L.E. Beckley (2008). Two Oceans: A Guide to the Marine Life of Southern Africa. Struik. pp. 359. ISBN 9781770076334.
10.^ a b c Allen, G.R.; D.R. Robertson (1994). Fishes of the tropical eastern Pacific. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 332. ISBN 9780824816759.
11.^ a b Hutchins, B.; Swainston, R. (1986). Sea Fishes of Southern Australia: Complete Field Guide for Anglers and Divers. Melbourne: Swainston Publishing. pp. 187. ISBN 1-86252-661-3.
12.^ a b Honebrink, Randy R. (2000). "A review of the biology of the family Carangidae, with emphasis on species found in Hawaiian waters". DAR Technical Report (Honalulu: Department of Land and Natural Resources) 20-01: 1–43. http://hawaii.gov/dlnr/dar/pubs/ulua01.pdf. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
13.^ Lea, R.N.; H.J. Walker (1995). "Record of the bigeye trevally, Caranx sexfasciatus, and Mexican lookdown, Selene brevoorti, with notes on other carangids from California". California Fish and Game 81 (3): 89–95. ISSN 0008-1078.
14.^ a b Hamilton, R.; R. Walter (1999). "Indigenous ecological knowledge and its role in fisheries research design: A case study from Roviana Lagoon, Western Province, Solomon Islands". SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin 11: 13–25. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cunningham/CunninghamCourse/Traditional11.pdf. Retrieved 2009-05-21.
15.^ González Acosta, A. F.; G. De La Cruz Agüero & J. De La Cruz Agüero (2004). "Length–weight relationships of fish species caught in a mangrove swamp in the Gulf of California (Mexico)". Journal of Applied Ichthyology 20 (2): 154–155. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0426.2003.00518.x.
16.^ Whitfield, A.K.; T. D. Harrison (2003). "River flow and fish abundance in a South African estuary". Journal of Fish Biology 62 (6): 1467–1472. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00125.x.
17.^ a b c d Blaber, S.J.M.; Cyrus, D.P. (1983). "The biology of Carangidae (Teleostei) in Natal estuaries". Journal of Fish Biology 22 (2): 173–188. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1983.tb04738.x.
18.^ Allen, G.R.; S.H. Midgley & M. Allen (2002). Field guide to the freshwater fishes of Australia. Perth, W.A.: Western Australian Museum. pp. 394. ISBN 9780730754862.
19.^ Fedoryako, B.Y. (1988). "Fish accumulations in the open ocean near stationary buoys". Okeanologiya 28 (4): 667–669. ISSN 0030-1574.
20.^ a b c d e Sala, E. (2003). "O. Aburto-Oropeza, G. Paredes & G. Thompson". Bulletin of Marine Science 72 (1): 103–121. 0007-4977.
21.^ Godinez-Domingueza, E.; J. Rojo-Vazquez, V. Galvan-Pin & B. Aguilar-Palomino (2000). "Changes in the Structure of a Coastal Fish Assemblage Exploited by a Small Scale Gillnet Fishery During an El Nino–La Nina Event". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 51 (6): 773–787. doi:10.1006/ecss.2000.0724.
22.^ Salini,, J. P.; S. J. M. Blaber and D. T. Brewer (1994). "Diets of Trawled Predatory Fish of the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia, with Particular Reference to Predation on Prawns". Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research (CSIRO) 45 (3): 397–411. doi:10.1071/MF9940397.
23.^ Senta, T.; Kimura, M., Kanbara, T. (1993). "Predation of fishes on open-ocean species of sea-skaters (Halobates spp.)". Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 40 (2): 193–198.
24.^ Whitfield, A.K. (1998). Biology and ecology of fishes in southern African estuaries. South Africa: J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology. pp. 223. ISBN 9780868103334.
25.^ a b Grove, Jack S.; Robert J. Lavenberg (1997). The Fishes of the Galápagos Islands. California: Stanford University Press. pp. 376. ISBN 978-0804722896.
26.^ a b Breder, C.M. (1951). "A Note on the Spawning Behavior of Caranx sexfasciatus". Copeia (American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists) 1951 (2): 170. doi:10.2307/1437551. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1437551. Retrieved 2009-05-12.
27.^ Sumida, Barbara Y.; H.G. Moser & E.H. Ahlstrom (1985). "Descriptions of Larvae of California Yellowtail, Seriola lalandi and three other Carangids from the Eastern Tropical Pacific: Chloroscombrus orqueta, Caranx caballus, and Caranx sexfasciatus". CalCOFI Report XXVI: 139–159. http://www.calcofi.org/newhome/publications/CalCOFI_Reports/v26/pdfs/Vol_26_Sumida_etal.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
28.^ a b Murakami, K.; S.A. James, J.E. Randall & A.Y. Suzumoto (2007). "Two Hybrids of Carangid fishes of the Genus Caranx, C. ignobilis x C. melampygus and C. melampygus x C. sexfasciatus, from the Hawaiian Islands". Zoological Studies 46 (2): 186–193. http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/46.2/186.pdf. Retrieved 2007-05-14.
29.^ Wright, A.; A.H. Richards (1985). "A Multispecies Fishery Associated With Coral Reefs in the Tigak Islands, Papua New Guinea". Asian Marine Biology (Marine Biological Association of Hong Kong): 69–84. ISBN 9789622091269.
30.^ a b c Davidson, Alan (2004). Seafood of South-East Asia: A Comprehensive Guide with Recipes. Ten Speed Press. pp. 59. ISBN 1580084524.
31.^ a b c Starling, S. (1988). The Australian Fishing Book. Hong Kong: Bacragas Pty. Ltd.. pp. 488. ISBN 073010141x.
32.^ Hansford-Steele, B. (2004). African Fly-fishing Handbook. Struik. pp. 472. ISBN 9781868728824.
33.^ Mulochau and, T.; P. Durville (2005). "A review of the movements of fish held in captivity in the Reunion Island Aquarium over a five-year period". SPC Live Reef Fish Information Bulletin 15: 13–18. http://spc.int/coastfish/news/lrf/15/LRF15-Mulochau.pdf. Retrieved 2009-05-13.