Crevalle Jack
Species Facts
Science Name: Caranx hippos
Other Names: common jack, black-tailed trevally, couvalli jack, black cavalli and yellow cavalli
World Record: 30 kg (66 lb 2 oz)
Description

"The crevalle jack is one of the largest members of Caranx, growing to a known maximum length of 124 cm and a weight of 32 kg,[5] although are generally rare at lengths greater than 60 cm.[9] Unverified reports of fish over 150 cm may also be attributable to this species.[10] The crevalle jack is morphologically similar to a number of other deep bodied carangids, having an elongate, moderately compressed body with the dorsal profile more convex than the ventral profile, particularly anteriorly.[10] The eye is covered by a well developed adipose eyelid, and the posterior extremity of the jaw is vertically under or past the posterior margin of the eye.[10] The dorsal fin is in two parts, the first consisting of 8 spines and the second of 1 spine followed by 19 to 21 soft rays. The anal fin consists of 2 anteriorly detached spines followed by 1 spine and 16 or 17 soft rays.[9] The pelvic fins contain 1 spine and 5 soft rays while the pectoral fins contain 20 or 21 soft rays. The caudal fin is strongly forked, and the pectoral fins are falcate, being longer than the length of the head.[11] The lateral line has a pronounced and moderately long anterior arch, with the curved section intersecting the straight section midway below the second dorsal fin. The straight section contains 23 to 35 very strong scutes, with bilateral keels present on the caudal peduncle. The chest is devoid of scales with the exception of a small patch of scales in front of the pelvic fins.[9] The upper jaw contains a series of strong outer canines with an inner band of smaller teeth, while the lower jaw contains a single row of teeth.[10] The species has 35 to 42 gill rakers in total and there are 25 vertebrae present.[11] In 1972, a crevalle jack was caught by fishermen off South Carolina which displayed swollen, bulbous mandibles. These swellings were initially thought to be due to a copepod parasite, however radiographs and subsequent sectioning found them to be bony in nature. The cause of this calcified connective tissue is still unknown, and there remains only a single reported case of such an ailment in crevalle jack.[12] The crevalle jack's colour ranges from brassy green to blue or bluish black dorsally, becoming silvery white or golden ventrally. A dark spot is present on the pectoral fin, with a similar dark to dusky spot present on the upper margin of the operculum. Juveniles have around five dark vertical bands on their sides, with these fading at adulthood.[13] The first dorsal fin, pectoral and pelvic fins range from white to dusky, occasionally with golden tinges throughout. The anal fin lobe is bright yellow, with the remainder of the fin ranging from golden to dusky, while the underside of the caudal peduncle often being yellow in adults. The caudal fin itself is also golden to dusky, with the lower lobe often brighter yellow than the upper, with both the lobes often having a black trailing edge.[11][13] "

Distribution and Habitat

Nova Scotia, Canada to Uruguay in the west Atlantic and Portugal to Angola in the east Atlantic, including the Mediterranean Sea

Sources

1.^ "Caranx hippos". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=168609. Retrieved 29 May 2009. 2.^ a b c d e f g h Smith-Vaniz, W.F.; K.E. Carpenter (2007). "Review of the crevalle jacks, Caranx hippos complex (Teleostei: Carangidae), with a description of a new species from West Africa". Fisheries Bulletin 105 (4): 207–233. http://fishbull.noaa.gov/1052/smith.pdf. Retrieved 2009-04-07. 3.^ California Academy of Sciences: Ichthyology (May 2009). "Caranx hippos". Catalog of Fishes. CAS. http://research.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp. Retrieved 2009-05-31. 4.^ Cuvier, G.; A. Valenciennes (1849). Histoire naturelle des poissons. F.G. Levrault. pp. IX, 93. 5.^ a b c d e f g h Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2009). "Caranx hippos" in FishBase. May 2009 version. 6.^ Lacepède, B.G.E. (1801). Histoire naturelle des poissons. 3: i-xvi. Paris: Plassan. pp. 1–558. 7.^ Nichols, J.T. (1937). "On Caranx hippos (Linnaeus) from Ecuador". Copeia (American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists) 1937 (1): 58–59. doi:10.2307/1437371. ISSN 0045-8511. http://jstor.org/stable/1437371. 8.^ Nichols, J.T. (1920). "On the range and geographic variation of Caranx hippos". Copeia 83: 44–45. ISSN 0045-8511. 9.^ a b c d e f g Fischer, W; Bianchi, G. & Scott, W.B. (1981). FAO Species Identification Sheets for Fishery Purposes: Eastern Central Atlantic Vol 1. Ottawa: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/fishery/sidp/3,1/en#Eca. 10.^ a b c d e f g Carpenter, K.E. (ed.) (2002). The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Volume 3: Bony fishes part 2 (Opistognathidae to Molidae), sea turtles and marine mammals. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5. Rome: FAO. pp. 1438. 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Nevitt & A.H. Dittman (2006). "Evidence for DMSP as a Chemosensory Stimulant for Pelagic Jacks (Abs.)". Integrative and Comparative Biology 46 (Suppl. 1): E187–E187. ISSN 1540-7063. 27.^ a b c d e Saloman, C.H.; S.P. Naughton (1984). "Food of crevalle jack (Caranx hippos) from Florida, Louisiana, and Texas". NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFC-134: 1–37. ISSN 0093-4917. 28.^ Taylor, M.; R.J. Mansueti (1960). "Sounds Produced by Very Young Crevalle Jack, Caranx hippos, from the Maryland Seaside". Chesapeake Science (Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation) 1 (2): 115–116. doi:10.2307/1350930. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1350930. Retrieved 2009-06-11. 29.^ Cadenat, J.A. (1954). "Note d' Ichthyologie Ouest-africaine VII Biologie, Regime alimentaire Carangidae". Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire (Series A) 16 (21): 565–583. ISSN 0850-4997. 30.^ Zai, M. (1965). "Biological investigation of fisheries resources". 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Retrieved 2008-08-04. 35.^ a b Palko, B.J. (1984). "An evaluation of hard parts for age determination of pompano (Trachinotus carolinus), ladyfish (Elops saurus), crevalle jack (Caranx hippos), gulf flounder (Paralichthys albigutta), and southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma)". NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFC-132: 1–16. 36.^ Pattanaik, S. (2005). "X-ray diffraction, XAFS and scanning electron microscopy study of otolith of a crevalle jack fish (Caranx hippos)". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 229 (3-4): 367–374. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2004.12.133. ISSN 0168-583X. 37.^ a b c d Kishore, R.; F. Solomon (2005). "Age and Growth Studies of Caranx hippos (crevalle jack) from Trinidad Using Hard-Parts". 56 Proceedings of the Fifty Six Annual Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute 56: 227–239. 38.^ Flores-Coto, C.; M. Sanchez-Ramirez (1989). "Larval Distribution and Abundance of Carangidae (Pisces) from the Southern Gulf of Mexico 1983-1984". Gulf Research Reports 8 (2): 117–128. ISSN 0072-9027. 39.^ a b Wiggers, S. (2005). "Crevalle Jack, Caranx hippos". Species Description. South Carolina Department of Natural Resources. pp. 1–4. http://www.dnr.sc.gov/cwcs/pdf/Crevallejack.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-16. 40.^ a b c Fisheries and Agricultural Organisation. "Global Production Statistics 1950-2007". Crevalle jack. FAO. http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/TabSelector. Retrieved 2009-05-19. 41.^ Mike, A.; Cowx, I.G. (1996). "A preliminary appraisal of the contribution of recreational fishing to the fisheries sector in north-west Trinidad". Fisheries Management and Ecology 3 (3): 219–228. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2400.1996.tb00149.x. 42.^ Goldstein, R.J. (2000). Coastal fishing in the Carolinas: from surf, pier, and jetty. John F. Blair. pp. 117. ISBN 9780895871954. 43.^ a b c d McNally, B. (2001). Gibson, B. ed. Inshore Salt Water Fishing: Learn from the Experts at Salt Water Magazine. Rockport Publishers. pp. 82–83. ISBN 9780865731325. 44.^ Doorenbos, N.J.; Granade, H.R., Cheng, P.C. & Morgan, J.M. (1977). "Ciguatera Fish Poison Studies in the Caribbean". Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium Technical Report MASGP-77-023: 1–7. http://www.masgc.org/pdf/masgp/77-023.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-14.